Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom: Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom are the products of the mind. The Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom are evaluated in an ascending scale of values, Data having the least value, Wisdom the greatest.
a) Data: The word “data” is Latin in origin and literally, it means
anything that is given. In sum, the term includes facts, figures, letters,
symbols, words, charts and graphs that represent an idea, object or condition. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary
defines data as “something given or admitted facts or principles granted or
presented, that upon which an interference or argument is based, or from which
an ideal system of any sort is constructed.” According to Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, Data are “Known facts or
things used as a basis for interference or reckoning." UNESCO defines data
as “facts, concepts or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for
communication, interpretation or processing by human or automatic means”. In
simple, Data is a unit of fact and a raw material of information. It is derived by observation and experiences.
By nature, data
are either quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative data are numerical and
qualitative data are descriptive. It is also possible to transform qualitative
data into numerical values. Additionally, in science, data can also be graphic
in nature. The data possesses the following characteristics.
The following are the properties of data:i) Amenability to Use: Data must be amenable to use. The use may differ with the context.
ii) Clarity: Data should necessarily display clarity.
iii) Accuracy: Accuracy is an essential property of data.
iv) Essence: Data should be compressed and refined. Only the refined data can present the essence of value.
b) Information: The word “information” is derived from two Latin
words “forma” and “formatio”. Both the words convey the notion of giving shape
to something and of forming a pattern. Information is the processed data, organized
and presented by someone. The data becomes
information when these are collected, processed, interpreted, presented or
communicated to some one in an organized or in logical form to facilitate a
better comprehension of the concerned issue. Information is the
knowledge concerning some particular fact, subject or events in any
communicable form. It is a structured
collection of data i.e. sets of data, relation between data. It consists of
data that have been retrieved, processed or otherwise used for informative or
inference purpose, argument or as a basis for forecasting or decision making.
Let us mention some of the definitions of Information-
According
to Harrod’s Librarian’s Glossary and
Reference book compiled by Ray Prytherch, 7th ed, 1990,
information is “an assemblage of data in a comprehensible form capable of
communication”.
Mikhailov
et.al (1966) has cited Brillounin’s definition. According to them “information
is the raw material and consists of a mere collection of data”.
Hayes
(1969) defines information as “result of data, usually formalized in
processing”.
Davis (1974) has defined
information as “data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to
the recipient and is of real perceived value in current or prospective
decision”.
Stevens
(1986) has defined information as “the factual data, ideas and other knowledge
emanating from any segment of society that are identified as being of value
sometimes gathered on a regular basis, organized in some fashion, transmitted
to others and used in some meaningful fashion”.
According
to S. C. Blumenthal in “Management Information System” (1969), “information is
data, recorded, classified, organized, related or interpreted within context to
convey meaning”.
According
to A. J. Evans et al, information is a “sensible statement, opinion, fact,
concept or idea, or an association of statement, opinions or ideas. It is
closely associated with knowledge in that once information has been
assimilated, correlated and understood it becomes knowledge”.
c) Knowledge: The word “knowledge”
means an assured belief or that which is known. It is the information read,
heard or seen and understood. It is an organized set of statements of facts or
ideas – presenting a reasoned judgments or an experimental result which is
transmitted to others through some communication medium in some systematic
form. When information is stored in mind, it constitutes knowledge,
particularly when relationships are established between items of information.
The Webster’s New International Dictionary of
English language defines knowledge as, “Familiarity gained by actual
experience, practical skill, technical acquaintance”. It has also been defined
by Webster as “Acquaintance with fact; the state of being aware of something or
of possessing information; hence scope of information”.
When man knows the entities (things or concepts), knowledge
is established. As man knew more and more about entities knowledge grew. In
order that knowledge already gathered is not lost from the scope of posterity
it must exist in recorded and stored format. Due to the comparatively larger
age of human, living of three generations in a family within society, ability
to reason and analyse and ability to transfer the accumulated knowledge to its
posterity increase his/her stock of knowledge.
Knowledge is the ability of an actor to respond to a body
of facts and principles accumulated over a period of time. The quality of
knowledge depends on the properties of the agent. Knowledge can be viewed in
terms of the following
i) Knowledge is the structure or organization of
information including the relationship among items of information.
ii) Knowledge is
created and modified by new information.
iii) When
information is applied by people it becomes knowledge.
iv) Knowledge is
universally regarded as a much wider concept than information, both in the
everyday world and within the specialty theory and practice.
Knowledge
can only reside in an organic brain. As
soon as it is objectified outside of a biological organism it becomes
disembodied information, capable of entering production similar to a manufactured
product or commodity. Some of the characteristics of knowledge are
i) It is dynamic, ever growing and continuing.ii) It is contained in the subjective realm.
iii) It is structured, coherent and often of enduring significance.
iv) It is a stock, largely resulting from the flow, inputs of information.
v) It is the basis for action.
d) Wisdom: Wisdom is the distilled and
integrated knowledge and understanding. It is the most precious human capital
in all developmental processes.
Cleveland, Ohio Association for System Management, 1979
has treated raw data from “birth” into evaluated form as information, through
maturity as knowledge, to “death” and inclusion in the knowledge base. It may
be noted in passing that in common social process, data, information and
knowledge are regarded as mutually sustaining elements at times distinctly
different, on occasions overlapping, and interchangeable. Both data and information have intrinsic properties. While
information is shareable, knowledge is individual to each person. Again,
information depends upon humans to exist but knowledge does not depend upon
only humans to exist.
Information is the aggregation and assemblage of data in a
comprehensible form recorded on paper or in some other medium and is capable of
communication. Knowledge is the potential for action on information. The
information, knowledge and wisdom in their totality constitute valuable
human intellectual assets.
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